Roshi Yamamoto (Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.) for insightful discussion concerning the light-induced retinopathy model of zebrafish. We also thank Junko Koiwa, Yuka Takahashi, Yuka Hayakawa, Chizuru Hirota, and Aiko Sugimura for help together with the experiments, and Rie Ikeyama and Yuka Mizutani for administrative support.
HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscriptMicrobiol Spectr. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 August 18.Published in final edited kind as: Microbiol Spectr. 2015 June ; three(three): . doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0004-2014.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptRegulating the Intersection of Metabolism and Pathogenesis in Gram-positive BacteriaANTHONY R. RICHARDSON1,, GREG A. SOMERVILLE2,, and ABRAHAM L. SONENSHEIN3,1Department 2Schoolof Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NCof Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE3Departmentof Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University College of Medicine, Boston,MAAbstractPathogenic bacteria ought to contend with immune systems that actively restrict the availability of nutrients and cofactors, and make a hostile growth atmosphere. To cope with these hostile environments, pathogenic bacteria have evolved or acquired virulence determinants that aid in the acquisition of nutrients. This connection among pathogenesis and nutrition may possibly clarify why regulators of metabolism in nonpathogenic bacteria are made use of by pathogenic bacteria to regulate both metabolism and virulence. Such coordinated regulation is presumably advantageous since it conserves carbon and power by aligning synthesis of virulence determinants with the nutritional environment. In Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, at the least 3 metabolite-responsive worldwide regulators, CcpA, CodY, and Rex, have been shown to coordinate the expression of metabolism and virulence genes.Price of 29602-11-7 Within this chapter, we talk about how environmental challenges alter metabolism, the regulators that respond to this altered metabolism, and how these regulators influence the hostpathogen interaction.Fmoc-L-Val-OH Chemscene For prototrophic bacteria, central metabolism (i.e., glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, as well as the Krebs cycle) supplies the 13 biosynthetic intermediates essential to synthesize all biomolecules (Fig.PMID:23509865 1). Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) exhibit a diverse collection of central metabolic capabilities which have been shaped by reductive evolution. Some Gram-positive bacteria (e.g., Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus) have total central metabolic pathways, but other individuals (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecium) have Krebs cycle deficiencies, and some have several central metabolism deficiencies (e.g., Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma parvum). These variations in central metabolic capabilities are also reflected in the bacteria’s ability to persist away from a host organism; especially, the extra metabolically impaired the bacterium, the additional dependent it is on its host. In essence, hosts serve as a reservoir for metabolites that overcome deficiencies in central and intermediaryCorrespondence: Greg Somerville, [email protected]. Equal contributors and co-corresponding authors.RICHARDSON et al.Pagemetabolism. Metabolic deficiencies will not be created by only reductive evolution; they’re also designed when bacteria encounter stressful environments (e.g., iron limitation or possibly a host immune response.
