Ric acid at 0.33 M/ACN/propan-2-ol (600:400:55), flow price 0.8 mL/min). Detection is performed using a programmable Merck HITACHI FL Detector L-7485 (excitation 340 nm, emission 465 nm for OTA; 331 and 500 nm for CIT). 3.4.3.2. Condition just after IAC Extraction [35,36] A single Hundred of extract are injected in HPLC employing Spherisorb?ODS2 (25 cm ?0.five cm) with inner porosity of 5 . The mobile phase is ACN/water/acetic acid (51/47/2 v/v/v); flow rate 1 mL/min. Detection was performed using a programmable Merck HITACHI FL Detector L-7485 (excitation 340 nm, emission 465 nm for OTA). 3.4.three.3. Situation for Separation of OTA Metabolites The metabolites are separated on PRONTOSIL 120 (25 cm ?0.46 cm) with inner porosity of 3 , working with the following gradient: solvent A: MeOH/ACN/6.five mM ammonium formate (200/200/600) adjusted to pH three with formic acid; solvent B: MeOH/ACN/6.Nicotinamide riboside (chloride) Chemscene 5 mM ammonium formate (350/350/300) adjusted to pH 3 with formic acid. System: T0 one hundred A; T10 100 A; T25 30 A; T30 30 A; T45 0 A; T55 0 A; T58. three.six CIT extraction and analysis. CIT was either extracted by liquid-liquid extraction simultaneously with OTA as described above [4] or analyzed making use of Ridascreen? four. Conclusions Extraction of OTA in alkaline medium or addition of PEG to wine growing pH induced an underestimation of OTA content in wheat or wine, respectively. The analyses of OTA/CIT contents in wheat, following purification onto immunoaffinity column (IAC) just after alkaline or neutral extraction, led to an overestimation of OTA. This bias is as a consequence of the interferences between OTA and CIT for OTA antibodies, but also towards the similarity of OTHQ and OTB formed by auto-oxidation of OTA induced by CIT. The pH is important for dependable detection of OTA and CIT, and needs to be under 7 for both correct liquid/liquid extraction and IAC clean-up. CIT is often partially recognized by OTA antibodies. Acknowledgments This study was supported by National Research Agency of France. (ANR “mycodiag” 2010?013 A.P.-L., ANR “Combitox” 2011?014), Program CTP (2011?012 A.Price of Ethyl 5-(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)pentanoate P.PMID:23310954 -L./J.-L.M.), Plan county “Midi-Pyr s” (Meals Safety, 2008?012 A.P.-L).Toxins 2013, five Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. 2. three.4.five. six. 7. eight. 9. ten. 11. 12.13. 14.15.Rupollo, G.; Gutkoski, L.C.; Martins, I.R.; Elias, M.C. Effects of grain moisture and hermetic storage on fungi contamination and mycotoxin production in oats. Ci c. Agrotec. 2006, 30, 118. Meals and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Worldwide Regulations for Mycotoxins. Within a Compendium, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 64; FAO: Rome, Italy, 1995. Nguyen, M.T.; Tozlovanu, M.; Tran, T.L.; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, citrinin and ochratoxin a in rice in five provinces of central region in Vietnam. Food Chem. 2007, 105, 42?7. Molini? A.; Faucet, M.; Castegnaro, M.; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. Analysis of some breakfast cereals around the French market place for their contents of ochratoxin A, citrinin and fumonisin B1: Development of a process for simultaneous extraction of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Food Chem. 2005, 92, 391. Jorgensen, K. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in commodities and processes food–A overview of EU occurence dat. Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22, 26?0. Duarte, S.C.; Pena, A.; Lino, C.M. A critique on ochratoxin A occurrence and effects of processing of cereal and cereal derived food items. Food Microbiol. 2010, 27, 187?98. Duarte, S.C.; Lino, C.; Pena, A. Ochratoxin A in feed of food-producing animals: An undes.
